ProbioticStreptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Bifidobacterium longum:
- Functionality: These probiotics target and metabolize nitrogenous wastes such as uric acid, creatinine, indoles, phenols, and nitrosamines. These wastes diffuse from the bloodstream into the bowel and are processed to reduce their accumulation.
- Efficacy: Demonstrates significant benefits in chronic kidney disease (CKD) by reducing the buildup of uremic toxins in the bloodstream.
Bacillus subtilis HU58:
- Gut Health: Facilitates the reduction of ammonia in the gut without promoting proteolytic fermentation, minimizing ammonia formation.
- Kidney Support: Aids in lowering serum creatinine and urea levels, providing significant benefits to CKD patients.
PrebioticFructooligosaccharides (FOS):
- Prebiotic Function: A dietary fiber that promotes the growth of beneficial bacteria, particularly Bifidobacteria, while inhibiting harmful pathogens like Clostridia.
- Colonic Health: Lowers fecal pH, increases organic acids in the colon, and reduces the production of nitrogenous end products in urine and stool.
- Energy Source: Through fermentation in the caecum and colon, FOS generates short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) like acetate, propionate, and butyrate, which are energy sources for colonocytes.
Vitamin K2-7
- Vascular Protection: Prevents vascular calcification, a common risk factor for cardiovascular events in CKD patients.
- Enhanced Efficacy: Among all forms of vitamin K, K2-7 exhibits the highest bioavailability and longest half-life, making it the most effective for humans.
- Cardiovascular Benefits: Activates matrix Gla-protein (MGP), reducing cardiovascular risks linked to vascular calcification in CKD patients.
